Noam Chomskys Contribution to Linguistics Essay Example

Noam Chomskys Contribution to Linguistics Essay Noam Chomsky was born in Philadelphia in 1928. Noam Chomsky would have to be seen as one of the most significant and influential linguists of the twentieth century. Chomsky received his linguistic training under Leonard Bloomfield, whose behaviorist empiricism dominated American linguistics during the 1930s and 1940s, and from Zellig Harris, whose political stances during the 1950s pleased Chomsky more than his version of linguistic structuralism. In contrast to Saussure and Firth, many linguists writing in the later part of the twentieth century have been avowedly mentalist or cognitivist. The most famous of these is Noam Chomsky. As with Saussure and Firth, it will be impossible to do full justice to an influential and widely discussed scholar. (A brief but useful evaluation of the earlier years of Chomskys contribution to linguistics, psychology and philosophy can be found in Lyons 1970; and Chomskys more recent views can be found in Chomsky 2000). Even at the early stage, Chomsky was producing highly original work, which diverged fundamentally Harriss. In his B.A. thesis he was doing things that were, in his own words, radically at odds with everything in structural linguistics†¦ which is why [it and Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory] were published only 30 years later. The thesis was as different from structural linguistics as anything could be, which was why Harris never looked at it and no one in the field reacted to it. In fact, Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew remains the only text in existence, that seeks to apply and evaluation measure in anything remotely like the detail. We will write a custom essay sample on Noam Chomskys Contribution to Linguistics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noam Chomskys Contribution to Linguistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noam Chomskys Contribution to Linguistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Noam Chomskys contribution to Linguistics The programme of cognitive linguistics initiated by Chomsky and his colleagues in the 1950s and 1960s proposed a distinction between deep and surface structure in language. At least in the early stages of this programme, deep structure was assumed to have a mental reality closely related to meaning: It is the deep structure underlying the actual utterance, a structure that is purely mental, that conveys the semantic content of the sentence. It was also suggested that this deep structure might be universal: The deep structure that expresses the meaning is common to all languages, so it is claimed, being a simple reflection of the forms of thought (Chomsky 1966, p.35). Those who followed Descartes characteristically assumed that mental processes are common to all normal humans and that languages may therefore differ in the manner of expression but not in the thoughts expressed (Chomsky 1966, p.6). This universalism is itself tied to mentalism: The discovery of universal principles wo uld provide a partial explanation for the facts of particular languages, in so far as these could be shown to be simply specific instances of the general features of language structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Beyond this, the universal features themselves might be explained on the basis of general assumptions about human mental processes or the contingencies of the language use†¦..'(Chomsky 1966, p.54). Chomskys contribution to linguistics, and thence to modern thought, has been broadly threefold. In the first place, he moved the emphasis of linguistics form the strictly descriptive and inductive level (the level of the endless cataloguing of utterances from which conclusions about grammar could then be drawn) to the ideal level of competence and deep stricture, the level which opens up a creative aspect in language. In short, Chomsky showed, within his technical expertise in linguistics, that language was more than its material execution. Second, he brought about a reconsideration of language learning by arguing that language competence is not acquired inductively through a behaviorist stimulus-response conditioning, but is the consequence of an innate cognitive capacity possessed by human. In other words, linguistic freedom and creativity is not acquired, but always already exists as a governing a priori. Third, the distinction between competence and performance—even when i t was poorly understood—has served as a metaphor for structural studies in other disciplines such as philosophy and sociology (cf., Habermass notion of communicative competence, and Bourdieus notion of habitus – notions which echo Chomskys conception of agency). Noam Chomskys, Remarks on Nominalization (1970), Influence on the development of generative word-formation appeared to be crucial. In Mohanans view, with this seminal paper the traditional notion of word was reintroduced into generative linguistics. Chomsky captured certain lexical regularities in terms of lexical rules; these rules differ in their nature from the transformational rules of sentence generation. Lexical rules are, in Chomskys view, redundancy rules, that is to say, the rules which capture regularities in the lexical entries. Chomsky distinguishes two possible ways of treating derived nominal (and the issues of deriving new word in general); one either extends base rules to accommodate the derived nominals directly (all complex words will be listed in the lexicon), thus simplifying the transformational component—the lexicalist position; or, it is the base structures which may be simplified, and the derivation of nominalizations (and, by implication, all other complex words) would be the matter of transformational rules (without listing any complex word in the lexicon)—the transformational position. In 1965 Chomsky dropped the kernel sentence notion in a major reworking of his model, which introduced a revolutionary new concept to the theory of syntax: a distinction between underlying (deep) structure and surface structure, the two inter-related by transformations, allowing active and passive sentences, for example, to have the same deep structure but two different transformational histories producing two different surface structures, published as Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, this became known as the standard theory. In practice, however, the model soon showed itself to be cumbersome and insufficiently sensitive to the needs of languages other than English. Chomsky and his colleagues made substantial revisions during the 1970s to create the extended standard theory. The old phrase-structure rules were largely replaced by a more flexible syntactic process known as X-bar theory. The deep/surface distinction was preserved along with transformations, but in a heavily modified fo rm, and there were also new features, all tending towards greater simplicity. The revised model (called Government and Binding (GB), later Principles and Parameters (PP)) appeared in 1981 and gave the whole generativist enterprise a new lease of life. Since then there have been further simplifying changes resulting in The Minimalist Program of the 1990s. Syntactic Structures Chomskys first book Syntactic Structures (1957) gave its name to the first wave of thinking, which was chiefly concerned with grammatical description. Its contribution was to show that mentalistic grammar could be made scientific by the use of explicit and rigorous forms of statement, known as Generative Grammar. Hierarchical phrase structure was described through rewrite rules of the S—NP VP type that expand one element into others, yielding eventually kernel sentences of the language. But such rules were incapable of describing the whole of human language and needed to be amplified by transformations that could modify the structure of the kernel sentence into passives, questions, etc. A key example sentence as Colorless green ideas sleep furiously, held to show the difference between grammaticality and meaningfulness. Conclusion Chomskys work has always been motivated by a single goal: to explain human language acquisition. Many of the changes mentioned above were expressly designed to help account for the acquisition process by offering simpler procedures in tune with in the innate capacities of the acquirer.   The reintroduction of innate ideas has been Chomskys most far-reaching and controversial Proposition. For a recent statement of the role semantics in linguistics, see Noam Chomsky, Topics in the theory of Generative Grammar. In this article, Chomsky (1) emphasizes the central importance of semantics in linguistic theory, (2) argues for the superiority of transformational grammars   over phrase-structure grammars largely on the grounds that, although phrase-structure grammars   may be adequate to define sentencehood for (at least) some natural languages, they are inadequate as a foundation for semantics, and (3) comments repeatedly on the rather primitive state of the concepts of semantics and remarks that the notion of semantic interpretation still resists any deep analysis. nbsp;

Essay on American Government and Politics Part 1

Essay on American Government and Politics Part 1 Essay on American Government and Politics Part 1 Essay on American Government and Politics Part 1The restriction of the hate speech is the issue worth considering since hate speeches may be as dangerous as hate crimes, but, if hate speech are delivered to the large audience, they may be even more dangerous than hate crimes. Therefore, hate speeches should be banned because they wreak havoc in society, give rise to radical ideas and movements and encourage hate crimes.At this point, it is possible to refer to the recent case of Philadelphia gay bashing, which evoked numerous negative and hate speeches openly published online as well as in other media. In fact, making hate speech leads to the radicalization of the audience and, as Butler justly remarks, hate speech makes the situation even worse since the public response to the hate crime evokes not just a negative public response and condemnation but creates condition for new hate crimes.At the same time, hate speech against representatives of some ethnic groups are offensive and un acceptable as was the case of Costella in New Hampshire, who made hate speech against two employees of Wal-Mart (JTA, 2014). Such hate speeches are manifestations of disrespect to basic rights of people and their discrimination on the ground of their ethnic or racial background. Hate speeches are also provocative since employees offended by Costella could have responded in the violent way, if their psychological condition and response were different.Thus, hate speech should be banned because it contributes to the radicalization of society, emergence of hatred and growing tension in relations between people. Unlike a hate crime, hate speech can reach the broad audience and cause riots and other issues.Government and Politics Part 2

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

International business - Essay Example This report aims at discussing why certain overseas businesses have a decentralized operations systems while the other follows a more centralized form. There have been several debates and discussions on this topic and the reasons why companies choose different forms of organisational structures in different places. To understand this better it is essential to firstly understand the meaning of decentralised and centralised forms of organisational operations. This will lead various factors that allow companies to choose the different style and also how the two differ in the case of different companies. There have been numerous debates and discussions in regards to the definition of ‘Decentralization’, and in a number of events this term has been mixed with ‘devolution’ or ‘delegation’. In the case of multi national companies and their operations, decentralization can be taken to mean the decision making rights or responsibilities, i.e. away from the centre and spread out across the various locations. Decentralization of a business operation simply means that the operation of every location is separate and based on the needs of the particular location. Here the main managers and heads of the company for each location are held responsible for the strategies, plans and operations of the particular location. In simpler terms the process of decentralization involves the decision making process and authority of the firm to a larger number of actors rather than a limited few in the central office. Operations in these kinds of companies are decentralized and the management for each area is different. Hence a decentralized management allows the company to perform better in the various regions and ensure that the company works in accordance with the region, culture, values and ethics. Also if the operations are tailor made for the

Political science (you can find the topic from sources) Essay

Political science (you can find the topic from sources) - Essay Example Anti-Federalists were alarmed that the Constitution would demolish civil liberties and genuine democracy if the states yield significant power to the new national government. They asserted that representation should be fair in all terms of directness and intimacy, with the government representing as many interests as possible. Politicians must then be substantively like the people they represent. They may not necessarily be the political elite, but instead, ordinary people who were educated enough to participate in political affairs. Anti-Federalists based this assertion the logic that those who were more responsible were less self-interested and those who knew their accountability were less prone to corruption. The people were more responsible than the political elite because they were more in touch of the realities of their local communities. They were less prone to corruption because they would be less vulnerable to damaging their representation to the local populace where they ca me from. The Anti-Federalists, furthermore, intended to have an outcome where there were small constituencies with many representatives, where the axis of power is on the states or local bases, not the national base of collectivity or community of interest. They wanted strong powerful states, not a powerful national government. These powerful states could make decisions regarding their political, social, and economic affairs without intrusion or intervention from the national government. With these goals, outcomes, and processes, Anti-Federalists were leaning more toward descriptive and participative forms of representation. The Federalists believed, on the contrary, the representation is a nationally-determined public good. They did not reject the states’ rights to representation, though they focused on a political arena of substantive representation. The states could represent themselves in Congress and to some extent, in Senate, but they should not be concentrated on their state

To examine a sector in the service industry and analyse the service Assignment

To examine a sector in the service industry and analyse the service marketing issues affecting one of the organisations in that sector - Assignment Example Over the last one year the industry has been the hot topic of discussion due to the recent global financial turmoil which has shaken the banking industry in most of the developed countries in the world. UK is one of the largest economies in the world. As a result its banking industry greatly influences not its own economy but also the global economy. UK banking industry is the third largest banking sector in the world. It is one of the most efficient and dynamic industry in the entire Europe. It serves almost 95% of UK’s total population. Almost 3.5% of total workforce in UK is employed in UK banking industry. It has been found that productivity of UK financial sector is growing at a rate which three times higher than the pace of the UK economy. The sector is heavily influencing the GDP of the country. In 2007 financial sector and banks contributed approximately 70 billion euro to the national output of the country and this amount is almost 7% of UK’s GDP. Most importan tly this amount has witnessed an increase by 100% from the year 2003. UK banking sector is considered as the world leading center for private banking, investment and cross border banking. It is holding the fifth position in terms of global international lending. It has been observed that almost one third of global foreign exchange business involve banks in London only. As of December 2008 there are 381 credit institutions in UK. Moreover there are total 163 foreign credit institutions. Furthermore there are 2,241 investment firms in UK (Financial Service Authority, n.d.). The banking industry has gone through a radical transformation because of market liberalization. Significant deregulations and competition that was created out of that were the two main reasons behind this. In UK banking industry deregulation started when Competition and Credit Control in 1971 (CCC) was introduced in 1971. The competitiveness of UK banking

The Consequences Of Melting Polar Ice Caps Environmental Sciences Essay

The Consequences Of Melting Polar Ice Caps Environmental Sciences Essay The polar ice caps that we see today have taken centuries to form and they ve been melting from time to time in order to form lakes and rivers that are essential not only for animal and plant life, but for humans as well all over the world. Furthermore, as precipitation takes its toll the ice caps that melt gets replaced by fresh snow that is later on over time converted to ice. Thus it is safe to say that the melting of the polar ice caps is a normal occurrence, however it becomes a problem when the ice caps melt at a fast rate and turning into water faster and in more quantity than the fresh snow replacing it. This is the current situation of most of today s polar ice caps all over the world. As they reduce in size, stability, and strength they eventually break off and melt away thereby increasing sea levels among other things. The major consequences of melting polar ice caps can be said in the following order below: 1. Global Warming. We are currently experiencing warmer temperatures all over the world today as temperatures have gone high, and global warming is becoming more alarming day by day. This rise in temperature helps polar ice caps melt faster than it should be. Ice caps have even disappeared in certain parts of the world due to this. The melting of the polar ice caps increases global warming because ice glaciers deflects or bounces off about 80% heat from the sun and retain or absorb about 20% of it. However, when sunlight falls on earth, only 20% of the heat is deflected and 80% is absorbed. This in turn increases sea water temperatures, melting ice faster causing the earth to get warmer. 2. Shortage of Fresh Water. Earth looks sort of enveloped and covered with water when seen from space which causes people to think that we are self-sufficient with water. However, this is just the opposite as most of the water that we can see from space in pictures is just salt water that is not good for human use and only 2% of it is considered as freshwater good enough for human use in which 70% of it comes from ice caps and glaciers. People in certain parts of the world depend on this fresh source of water for not only drinking but for agricultural purposes as well. There are certain areas around the Himalayas that are currently in crisis due to this especially in dry months as populations rise. 3. Reduced Agricultural Output. To begin with, for the areas where agriculture mainly depends on rain, they won t be effected by melting of the ice caps. However these areas are few around the world. Areas that are affected are those that depend on fresh water coming from ice caps and glaciers. When ice caps keep on melting there will be lesser fresh water for agriculture which will make the lands dry and not suitable for agriculture thus reduce the total output leading to a shortage in harvest. 4. Excessive Flooding. There are ice caps all over the world and it should be understood that the difference between polar ice caps and ice caps is that the later are present also on lands. Melting of these ice caps causes excessive flooding which is very dangerous for the people and animals that are living in those areas as it would destroy homes, habitats, and lives. Furthermore, polar ice caps and ice glaciers on higher altitudes melt faster which form new lakes and raise river water levels as well causing floods. This is also a cause of concern as when these river water levels rise and lakes burst, they lead to major disasters destroying everything crossing its path. 5. Rise In Sea Level. As the polar ice caps melt at a faster rate, the more the sea levels rise. The consequences of this will be of dire magnitude and people living in coastal regions all over the world will have to relocate and live somewhere else, thereby decreasing amount of living space, due to soil erosion, flooding, and their fresh water being contaminated with salt water of the sea. It has been estimated that the sea level rising 1mm to 2mm per year. It has also been estimated that in the U.S there will be a 3-foot rise in sea level in the Gulf coast which will lead to the deluge of more tha 22,000 square miles of land. 6. Habitat Loss. There are plenty of animals, birds, and even fishes that depend on the polar ice caps and its temperatures for their survival. There are fishes depend on food such as phytoplankton and sea-plants that are underwater near the ice caps and there are birds such as snow owls that depend on these fishes near the ice caps and animals and humans who depend on certain birds for food. They are all connected. As sea water temperatures get warmer and sea levels rise, the sea plants in which these fishes feed off n live on will eventually die out n disappear and this in turn will lead to the increase in the death toll of fishes and birds will reduce due to lack of fishes to feed on, making survival for birds very difficult. Thus disturbing the whole ecosystem. Furhtermore the reduction of fishes has an impact on the polar bear as they have much less to feed on forcing them to take long journeys away from their habitat which also forces to eat what they don t normally eat. This journey is a risky one as some of the polar bear don t make it alive an die on the way as there are many threats as starvation and threats underwater such as killer whales and sharks. Seals, whales, and walruses are also adapting to this change to migrating patters which makes hunting for them by natives very difficult thus leaving the natives without food as well. In addition to the melting of the ice caps, blocks of ice are breaking off forcing seals to give bith underwater which causes many of the pups to die by drowning. Also separation occurs due to breaking of the ice at young ages leading to higher mortality rates. 7. Coral Reefs Will Vanish. Coral reefs need sunlight for photosynthesis not only for their own survival but also for the survival of the various types of fishes that depend on it. As sea levels rise higher making waters deeper, the presence of sunlight under water becomes lesser as the sunlight becomes harder to reach the coral reefs. This in turn corrupts the quality of corals and may even kill them. Certain fishes won t survive as they depend on the reefs for food and this will later have an impact on people who depend on fish for survival. 8. Recontamination Of Earth. Most people today have never even heard DDT and such pesticides as they were banned all over the world years ago. These substances were airborne and eventually wounded up in cooler areas near the ice caps and polar ice caps. Unfortunately the story doesn t end there as most of these harmful airborne chemicals got trapped inside the polar ice caps and glaciers, which later chunks of ice melt and break off, the chemicals, are then released back into the environment in seas, rivers, and lakes containing glaciers. 9. Melting Of The Polar Ice Caps Affects The Whole World. The melting of the polar ice caps is not only limited to specific parts of the world. The rapid melting of the ice is a global concern and its consequences affect the whole world in every continent, especially when it comes to global warming. Conclusion In conclusion, the consequences of the melting polar ice caps are not only limited to specific areas of the world but rather are a global consequence and one that has many concerns and should be dealt with immediately because the polar ice caps are still melting and sea levels are rising, effecting us all over the world as mentioned above. Unfortunately nothing can be done about the rapid melting of the polar ice caps at the moment but global warming is a major factor in the rapid decrease of the ice caps and everyone should contribute to reduce global warming as a first step.

Criticisms in An Inspector Calls Essay -- Critics An Inspector Calls S

Criticisms in An Inspector Calls 'An Inspector Calls' is a very thought provoking and rousing play. It was obviously written to make a strong point and illustrate the social gap between classes. This play was written in 1945 and since then, times and situations have changed enormously. However, this play still has great relevance today due to the fact that as a country we retain strong upper class societies who are very definitely detached. In the following essay, I aim to outline the many arguments and lines of thought that this play incites. To illustrate this I will use extracts from the play. I will also use my own thoughts and opinions: Before the Inspector enters, we are already forming opinions and views on the characters. Mr Birling seems very worried about wealth and social ranking. He says to Gerald who is his daughter's fiancÃÆ'Â ©, 'You ought to like this port Gerald. Finchley told me it's exactly the same port as your father gets from him.' Gerald's parents have a much higher social status than Mr Birling, and he is obviously trying to impress Gerald so he will pass it on to his parents. Mrs Birling also seems very prudish and stuffy. When Mr Birling makes a comment about the quality of the meal and asks her to inform the cook she replies with, 'Arthur, you're not supposed to say such things-' Although not as obvious as her husband, she is also trying to make a good impression and convey the fact that she is an important lady, with wealth and rank. She is anxious for the marriage between Sheila and Gerald to go ahead because she is always trying to smooth things over and make it run smoothly. For example, when Gerald tries to get Sheila to admit how much he loves her and she does not r... ...n anyway or show any sorrow or repentance. I think that this shows that older people find it harder to adjust and some people are just set in their ways and have no inclination to change. The play also illustrates and criticises the gap in social stature and behaviour. If people are believed to be 'upper class' then they treat anyone below them with disdain and no interest. This play is illustrating that the Inspector treats both classes with the same attitude. He treats the Birlings with the same respect or resistance he would to any other suspect or interviewee. He does not give them preferential treatment and I think that this is showing how everyone should treat each other. The play is criticising the fact that as individuals we do not consider the consequences of our actions, and that as a society we do not realise what one action can lead to.

Digital Fortress Chapter 44

Phil Chartrukian stood fuming in the Sys-Sec lab. Strathmore's words echoed in his head: Leave now! That's an order! He kicked the trash can and swore in the empty lab. â€Å"Diagnostic, my ass! Since when does the deputy director bypass Gauntlet's filters!?† The Sys-Secs were well paid to protect the computer systems at the NSA, and Chartrukian had learned that there were only two job requirements: be utterly brilliant and exhaustively paranoid. Hell, he cursed, this isn't paranoia! The fucking Run-Monitor's reading eighteen hours! It was a virus. Chartrukian could feel it. There was little doubt in his mind what was going on: Strathmore had made a mistake by bypassing Gauntlet's filters, and now he was trying to cover it up with some half-baked story about a diagnostic. Chartrukian wouldn't have been quite so edgy had TRANSLTR been the only concern. But it wasn't. Despite its appearance, the great decoding beast was by no means an island. Although the cryptographers believed Gauntlet was constructed for the sole purpose of protecting their code-breaking masterpiece, the Sys-Secs understood the truth. The Gauntlet filters served a much higher god. The NSA's main databank. The history behind the databank's construction had always fascinated Chartrukian. Despite the efforts of the Department of Defense to keep the Internet to themselves in the late 1970s, it was too useful a tool not to attract the public-sector. Eventually universities pried their way on. Shortly after that came the commercial servers. The floodgates opened, and the public poured in. By the early 90's, the government's once-secure â€Å"Internet† was a congested wasteland of public E-mail and cyberporn. Following a number of unpublicized, yet highly damaging computer infiltrations at the Office of Naval Intelligence, it became increasingly clear that government secrets were no longer safe on computers connected to the burgeoning Internet. The President, in conjunction with the Department of Defense, passed a classified decree that would fund a new, totally secure government network to replace the tainted Internet and function as a link between U.S. intelligence agencies. To prevent further computer pilfering of government secrets, all sensitive data was relocated to one, highly secure location-the newly constructed NSA databank-the Fort Knox of U.S. intelligence data. Literally millions of the country's most classified photos, tapes, documents, and videos were digitized and transferred to the immense storage facility and then the hard copies were destroyed. The databank was protected by a triple-layer power relay and a tiered digital backup system. It was also 214 feet underground to shield it from magnetic fields and possible explosions. Activities within the control room were designated Top Secret Umbra†¦ the country's highest level of security. The secrets of the country had never been safer. This impregnable databank now housed blueprints for advanced weaponry, witness protection lists, aliases of field agents, detailed analyses and proposals for covert operations. The list was endless. There would be no more black-bag jobs damaging U.S. intelligence. Of course, the officers of the NSA realized that stored data had value only if it was accessible. The real coup of the databank was not getting the classified data off the streets, it was making it accessible only to the correct people. All stored information had a security rating and, depending on the level of secrecy, was accessible to government officials on a compartmentalized basis. A submarine commander could dial in and check the NSA's most recent satellite photos of Russian ports, but he would not have access to the plans for an anti-drug mission in South America. CIA analysts could access histories of known assassins but could not access launch codes reserved for the President. Sys-Secs, of course, had no clearance for the information in the databank, but they were responsible for its safety. Like all large databanks-from insurance companies to universities-the NSA facility was constantly under attack by computer hackers trying to sneak a peek at the secrets waiting inside. But the NSA security programmers were the best in the world. No one had ever come close to infiltrating the NSA databank-and the NSA had no reason to think anybody ever would. Inside the Sys-Sec lab, Chartrukian broke into a sweat trying to decide whether to leave. Trouble in TRANSLTR meant trouble in the databank too. Strathmore's lack of concern was bewildering. Everyone knew that TRANSLTR and the NSA main databank were inextricably linked. Each new code, once broken, was fired from Crypto through 450 yards of fiber-optic cable to the NSA databank for safe keeping. The sacred storage facility had limited points of entry-and TRANSLTR was one of them. Gauntlet was supposed to be the impregnable threshold guardian. And Strathmore had bypassed it. Chartrukian could hear his own heart pounding. TRANSLTR's been stuck eighteen hours! The thought of a computer virus entering TRANSLTR and then running wild in the basement of the NSA proved too much. â€Å"I've got to report this,† he blurted aloud. In a situation like this, Chartrukian knew there was only one person to call: the NSA's senior Sys-Sec officer, the short-fused, 400-pound computer guru who had built Gauntlet. His nickname was Jabba. He was a demigod at the NSA-roaming the halls, putting out virtual fires, and cursing the feeblemindedness of the inept and the ignorant. Chartrukian knew that as soon as Jabba heard Strathmore had bypassed Gauntlet's filters, all hell would break loose. Too bad, he thought, I've got a job to do. He grabbed the phone and dialed Jabba's twenty-four-hour cellular.

Spain, England, France, German States, And Russian during the 1700s

Spain, England, France, German States, And Russian during the 1700s Section 1: Spain- The Spanish Empire reached its height during the reign of Charles's son, Philip II, who became king in 1556.- In 1580, Philip II of Spain enforced his claim to the Portuguese throne by invading and conquering the country.- Spain gained control of the Philippine Islands during the late 1500's.- Spain also fought to defend western Europe from the expanding Ottoman Empire. Philip's rule brought the beginning of the Golden Age of Spanish art, a time when writers and painters created some of Spain's greatest artistic works.- Although Philip ruled a worldwide empire and Spain was the strongest nation in Europe, signs of strain began to appear.- Wars, inflation, and poor economic management weakened the country's economy. Philip's attempts to slow or stop the advance of Protestantism in Europe met serious opposition from the Netherlands and England. In the 1560's, the Netherlands rebelled against Spain.English: Coat of arms illustration from a grant of...In 1588, Philip II launched a great Spanish Armada of about 130 ships in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer England. English ships repelled the armada, and storms destroyed many of the Spanish ships during the retreat.- Only about two-thirds of the armada made it back to Spain.- In the 1600's, Spain was weakened by wars, rebellions, economic crises, and weak rulers.- Fighting in the Netherlands continued into the early 1600's. Spain heavily financed the Roman Catholic cause in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).- It also fought wars with France and faced rebellions in Portugal and the region of Catalonia in northern Spain.- The last Spanish Habsburg, Charles II, had no children of his own.- In 1700, he named a French duke, Philip of Anjou, as heir to the Spanish throne. Philip was a grandson of France's King Louis XIV, who reigned...

Free Essays on Child Psych

Over the past five days everyone around the world has done a great deal of thinking about family. Living close to the city, I have been greatly affected by the events that occurred on September 11, 2001. As I sat in my dorm room on that dreaded day I thought about what life would be like without my father who is a New York City police officer as well as my uncles and cousin that work within a block of the buildings. Unable to get in touch with anyone I know, because of the brought down phone lines, I sat and wondered. I wondered about where they were and what they saw. I thought about how scared they were and if they got out in time. The thoughts that ran through my head on September 11, 2001 are unexplainable. Only two days before, I saw my family in a totally different way. I described my family as being my mother, father, and two brothers. Now, when I begin to tell about my family, I gain a picture of everyone ranging from my mother and father to my second and third cousins. I realize that each and every one of these people has touched my life in one-way or another. Even if it was only a phone call or a Christmas card to the family once a year, they still are my family. After finding out that everything was good and well with the people I was most concerned about I felt a sigh of relief. Next, I imagined life without them once again. And I could not imagine it. What would I do? Where would I be? What would I do without my uncle who has made it a point my entire life to let me know that I am special? Where would I be without my cousin who was always so cool to me? Who would remember my birthday if my uncle was not here? These questions now make me understand how much and how often I take loved ones for granted. I have never considered the idea that they may not be here one day. Now, this thought takes over my life. When I first completed my autobiography I stated that I would not change anything a... Free Essays on Child Psych Free Essays on Child Psych Over the past five days everyone around the world has done a great deal of thinking about family. Living close to the city, I have been greatly affected by the events that occurred on September 11, 2001. As I sat in my dorm room on that dreaded day I thought about what life would be like without my father who is a New York City police officer as well as my uncles and cousin that work within a block of the buildings. Unable to get in touch with anyone I know, because of the brought down phone lines, I sat and wondered. I wondered about where they were and what they saw. I thought about how scared they were and if they got out in time. The thoughts that ran through my head on September 11, 2001 are unexplainable. Only two days before, I saw my family in a totally different way. I described my family as being my mother, father, and two brothers. Now, when I begin to tell about my family, I gain a picture of everyone ranging from my mother and father to my second and third cousins. I realize that each and every one of these people has touched my life in one-way or another. Even if it was only a phone call or a Christmas card to the family once a year, they still are my family. After finding out that everything was good and well with the people I was most concerned about I felt a sigh of relief. Next, I imagined life without them once again. And I could not imagine it. What would I do? Where would I be? What would I do without my uncle who has made it a point my entire life to let me know that I am special? Where would I be without my cousin who was always so cool to me? Who would remember my birthday if my uncle was not here? These questions now make me understand how much and how often I take loved ones for granted. I have never considered the idea that they may not be here one day. Now, this thought takes over my life. When I first completed my autobiography I stated that I would not change anything a... Free Essays on Child Psych Abstract An important question for child care researchers today is how characteristics of the home and the child care setting together affect children’s development. There is mixed opinion on how differences and similarities between professionals’ beliefs, values and practices for raising children impact their development. There is strong theoretical support for the idea that continuity in children’s experiences from home and child care settings promote optimal development, and that major differences pose developmental challenges, especially for children in very early childhood. However, research that is available suggests that children from families with lower educational and economic resources can benefit from different environments if the care setting is more advantageous than that provided by the family. This paper examines early child care settings and the effects, whether they are good or bad, on the developing child. Also, different factors and variables will be presented in relation to the quality and promotion of congruence across care settings. This paper details different studies done on early child care from accredited literature and institutions, as well as magazines that focus on the topic of children and their development. Early Child Care and Effects on the Developing Child Recently there have been different viewpoints concerning the child care question, with assertions that non-parental care of young children is detrimental to their development. However, despite these assertions, research suggests that, given high quality care, the experience of child care is not harmful and can be beneficial to children. The simple question, â€Å"Is child care good or bad?† can be thrown out the window. In order to ensure that all children receive good quality care one must ask questions that revolve around what makes up good quality care, and how it meets the requirements of the children involv...

Food Allergies & Intolerances in the UK - Current Issues Essay

Food Allergies & Intolerances in the UK - Current Issues - Essay Example In case of tolerance, the patient can take the small quantity of the food without any reaction at all. In opposite, in case of food allergy, even a tiny quantity of food may activate a severe allergy reaction. Symptoms of intolerance will not be much quicker but allergy symptoms to any specific food could be immediate and instant. Both allergy and intolerance can result in a host of unpleasant and terrifying, fierce and probable fatal outcomes. Symptoms can occur over the patient’s body and can result in rashes, swelling of the mouth, wheezing, inflammation and digestive issues. There is no medical cure for these ailments and avoiding the specific food is the only available relief and a key issue is in identifying that particular food correctly (Stracey 2010). FSA (Food Standard Agency) in collaboration with the DEFRA introduced a new law on labelling of allergen which came into effect 13 December 2014 and this is known as Food Information Regulations EU1169/2011.Under this law, fourteen food allergen has to be named in the label if they have been used or if it contains ingredients made from them in pre-packed foods. Further, food manufacturers have required now to emphasis these allergens within the ingredients list. In the case of non-packed food items, such ingredients should be mentioned on a chalkboard, a labelled menu or by orally (Food.gov.uk 2014). The research study by Cochrane et al (2013) in the UK found that the vegetables and fruits were the chief cause of food allergy in adults (26%), eggs in young children (38%), and cow’s milk was the common in school going children(28%). When one’s immune system is puzzled instead of snubbing harmless food proteins, then food allergy happen as it triggers a reaction, which results in the discharge of a chemical known as ‘histamine’. The main culprit is the histamine which causes the typical allergy indications of swelling or hives. Anaphylaxis is the most severe reaction and this may be life-threatening.  Ã‚  

Moral Permissibility of Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Moral Permissibility of Abortion - Essay Example Finally, moderate view supporters will consider the stage of fetus development and suggest that abortion is possible at the early term. In this essay, I will argue that despite the fact that Deb has a legal right to terminate the pregnancy, she needs to choose a solution which would give more positive consequences that the opposite one. Pro-life critics would oppose this argument saying that there is not case where human life can be taken away by other people. Human life is the biggest value. However, challenging the way people define ‘human’ and ‘sentience’ can lead to acceptance of abortion under some circumstances. In many ways, moral permissibility of abortion depends on the state of fetus development. According to Sumner (1981), human fetus is not static in its development. First of all it is constantly developing. Second, it is developing gradually and, third, there is a huge difference between the beginning of the pregnancy and the end of pregnancy where fetus is well-developed (Sumner, 1981). When a woman becomes pregnant, there is only a zygote in her body which does not look and act as a human being. In the process of development, zygote transforms becoming more developed and human-like. During late stages of pregnancy, the fetus is already well-developed. If a child is born being seven, eight or nine months, it can survive with the help of doctors. This fact proves that sentient characteristics in fetus develop in time; they are not presented in zygote initially. Thus, abortion during at the early term is permissible. These three characteristics used by Sumner (1981) in moral reasoning of abortion lead to the rejection of the main argument of prohibitionists as it does not consider that fact that pregnancy is a dynamic process. Conservatives argues that abortion is evil under any circumstances because it is the act of killing a